Controller Events Controller events display the controller number and value after the Channel field. The Controller Number determines the type of that particular controller; for example, Controller 7 is Volume. The Controller Value determines the value for that particular Controller Type. Controller Numbers and Values both range from 0-127. Some commonly used controllers are: Controller 1 Modulation Controller 7 Volume (MIDI and audio) Controller 10 Pan (MIDI and audio) Controller 64 Sustain pedal Controller numbers 64-69, 78, and 79 are switch controls; values of 64 or greater for these controllers are interpreted as 'on' and values of 63 or less are interpreted as 'off.' Controller numbers 121-127 are reserved for channel mode messages, including Local Control, Omni Mode, Mono Mode, and so on. Controller 0 usually precedes a Bank Select message. See Also: Note events Poly After Touch events Programs events After Touch events (Channel pressure) Pitch Bend events System Exclusive events Bank Select